GRE全真题91(02)之一
The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather observations
shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and
because of this, can claim humanity's longest continuous -------- of natural
events.
defiance
documentation
maintenance
theory
domination
答案：(B)
astronomical: a.1.天文(学)的,天体的 2.巨大的
assiduous: a.刻苦勤奋的 2.经常的,坚持不懈的
claim: v.1.对(名声,财产)提出要求,认领,索取 2.声称有,拥有
defiance: n.违抗,蔑(藐)视,挑战
documentation: n.1.文件证据的记述编制 2.文献资料 3.详尽引证
maintenance: n.1.维持,保持 2.维修,养护,保养 3.坚持,主张 4.生计,生活资料 5.扶养
domination: n.1.支配,统治,主宰,优势 2.宗主权,宗主地位
中国人继古埃及人之后旋即展开了有系统的天文与气候观察,可谓是勤勉不辍的文献记录者.基于这一原因,中国人可声称拥有人类历史上对自然事件最漫长悠久,持之以恒的文献记载.
Because many of the minerals found on the ocean floor are still ------- on
land, where mining is relatively inexpensive, mining the ocean floor has yet
to become a ------- enterprise.
scarce. . common
accessible.. marginal
unidentified.. subsidized
conserved . . public
plentiful.. profitable
答案：(E)
mine: v.1.开采,从...提取天然成分 2.在地下挖坑道,暗中破坏
have yet to: v.尚有待于
enterprise: n.艰巨复杂(或带冒险性)的计划,雄心勃勃的事业
accessible: a.1.易于接近的,可进入的 2.可使用的,易获得的 3.(人)易相处的
4.易懂的
marginal: a.1.边比的,边沿地区的 2.边际的,勉强够格的,最低限度的 3.微量的,不重要的
subsidize: v.1.补贴,资助 2.用贿赂换得...的资助
conserve: v.1.保护,保存 2.使永恒不灭
由于海底发现的许多矿物在陆地上仍然大量存在,且陆地上开采又相对廉价,因此,对海底开采还有待于变成一种有利可图的事业.
The valedictory address, as it has developed in American colleges and
universities over the years, has become a very strict form, a literary -------
that permits very little-------.
text.. clarity
work.. tradition
genre.. deviation
oration.. grandiloquence
achievement.. rigidity
答案：(C)
valedictory address: n.告别演说,知别辞
literary: a.1.文学的 2.精通文学的,文人学士的 3.书面的
clarity: n.1.清澈,明净 2.清晰,明晰
genre: n.1.类型,体裁,样式 2.风俗画
deviation: n.背离,偏离,偏差
oration: n.演说,演讲
grandiloquence: n.大言不惭,夸张,做作
rigidity: n.1.坚硬刚性 2.严格,刻析,僵死
告别演说,正如它在过去的几年中在美国的诸大学和学院发展起来的那样,已变成一种极为严格的形式,一种绝少允许偏差的文学性体裁
A human being is quite ------- creature, for the gloss of rationality that
covers his or her fears and ------- is thin and often easily breached.
a logical.. problems
a frail.. insecurity
a valiant.. phobias
an ambitious.. morality
a ludicrous.. laughter
答案：(B)
gloss: n.1.光泽,光亮平滑的表面 2.虚假的外表,假象
rationality: n.理性,合理性
breach: v.1.破坏,违反 2.撕裂
logical: a.1.逻辑(上)的,逻辑学的 2.符合逻辑的,有逻辑头脑的
3.按照逻辑发展的
frail: a.脆弱的,易损坏的,身体虚弱的
valiant: a.勇敢的,英勇的
phobia: n.1.恐惧症 2.恐惧,憎恶
ludicrous: a.滑稽有趣的,荒唐可笑的
人类是一殊为脆弱的生物体,因为掩盖着其恐惧心和不安全感的那层理性的外表是那么的薄弱,且常常易于破裂.
Although the passage of years has softened the initially hostile reaction
to his poetry, even now only a few independent observers ------- his works.
praise
revile
scrutinize
criticize
neglect
答案：(A)
passage: n.(时间的)消逝,推移
soften: v.1.使变软,使软化,使缓和 2.使变暗,使变轻,使变淡 3.减轻,削弱
hostile: a.1.敌方的 2.怀敌意的,不友善的,不利的
revile: v.辱骂,痛斥
scrutinize: v.详细检查(观察),细看
尽管多年的岁月流逝已减缓了最初人们对他诗歌充满敌意的反应,但即使在目前,只有为数不多的独立观察家赞誉他的作品.
Unlike philosophers who constructed theoretically ideal states, she built a
theory based on -------; thus, although her constructs may have been
inelegant, they were ------ sound.
reality.. aesthetically
intuition.. intellectually
surmise.. scientifically
experience.. empirically
conjecture.. factually
答案：(D)
construct: a.1.构成物 2.观念,概念,构念
sound: a.1.强壮健康的 2.完好无病的 3.牢固的,可靠的 4.正确合理的,扎实的,精湛的
aesthetically: adv.美学地,艺术地,审美地
intuition: n.直觉
intellectually: adv.埋智地,理性地
surmise: n.推测,臆测,疑惑
empirically: adv.以经验为根据际,经验主义地,经验上
conjecture: n.猜测,揣摩
与那些构建理论上完美理想之状态的哲学家不同,她以经验为依据建立其理论,因此,尽管她的构念有可能不够雅致,但它们从经验主义的角度看却是切实可行的.
Once a duckling has identified a parent, the instinctive bond becomes a
powerful ------- for additional learning since, by ------- the parent, the
duckling can acquire further information that is not genetically transmitted.
impulse.. surpassing
referent.. recognizing
force.. acknowledging
inspiration.. emulating
channel.. mimicking
答案：(E)
duckling: n.小鸭,幼鸭
identify: v.识别,确认,鉴定
parent: n.[生]亲本,亲代,母体
instinctive: a.本能的,出于天性的,直觉的
bond: n.约束力,结合力,联结,纽带
genetically: adv.1.创始的,起源的,发生的,自然生长的 2.历史上的,发展的,演变的
3.遗传学的
impulse: n.1.推动,驱使,冲力,推力 2.推动作用,冲力作用. 3.冲动,突然的欲望,一时的念头
referent: n.所指事物(对象),关系项,参照物
emulate: v.1.竭力赶超,与...竞争,比得上 2.仿效,模仿
channel: n.1.海峡 2.河床 3.沟渠 4.途径,门径 5.官方渠道,正式程序
mimic: v.1.模仿 2.(模拟地)戏弄
一旦某只小鸭辩认出其亲本,这种带有本能性质的纽带便变成一条极有用的进行额外学习的渠道,因为通过模仿其亲本,小鸭能进一步获取那些单靠基因遗传所无法传输给它的信息.
INFLATE: BURST
atrophy: evaporate
pull: tear
expose: hide
excavate : increase
break: shatter
答案：(B)
打气(使骄傲):爆裂
萎缩(衰退):蒸发
拉:撕裂
暴露:隐藏(动物生皮)
挖出:增加
打破:碎
FLIP: RESPECT::
curt : ignorance
bleak: firmness
wry: humor
nonchalant: concern
rash: promptness
答案：(D)
无礼的，轻率的:尊敬
简略而草率的:无知
荒凉的:稳固
挖苦的(扭曲的):幽默(纵容)
冷漠的，无动于衷的:关心
鲁莽的:敏捷
REQUEST: COMMAND::
propose: stipulate
enlist: support
relegate : consign
volunteer: accept
select: reject
答案：(A)
要求:命令
提议:强行规定(约定)
服兵役:支持
贬低(降级):委托，托运
自愿:接受
选择；拒绝
BOUNDLESS: LIMIT::
truncated : length
voracious ; appetite
impeccable: flaw
fascinating : interest
syncopated : beat
答案：(C)
无边界的:界限，限制
被切短的:长度
狼吞虎咽的(贪婪的):胃口
无瑕的:缺陷
迷人的:兴趣
切分节奏的(缩短的):有节奏的拍打(搅拌)
MOLT: BIRD
slough : snake
hibernate: bear
metamorphose: spider
shuck : oyster
hatch: egg
答案：(A)
换羽毛:鸟
蜕皮:蛇
冬眠:熊
变态:蜘蛛
去壳:牡蛎
孵(船舱盖):卵
RENOUNCE: PLEDGE::
exculpate: victim
desecrate : shrine
recriminate : hero
redeem : honor
rescind : order
答案：(E)
放弃，否认:誓言(抵押品)
开脱罪责:牺牲品
亵渎:圣地
反控:男主角(英雄)
赎回(实践诺言):荣誉
废除，取消:命令
COWARD: CRAVEN::
liar: facetious
dupe: gullible
commentator: caustic
judge: impartial
criminal: hostile
答案：(B)
懦夫:胆怯的
撒谎之人:轻浮的(好开玩笑的)
轻信者:轻信的
评论员:尖刻的(腐蚀剂)
法官:公正的
罪犯:敌意的
ENFRANCHISE: VOTE::
advertise: sell
fumigate: kill
filter: purify
illuminate: see
ignite: burn
答案：(D)
给予选举权(释放):投票
做广告:卖
烟熏消毒:杀
过滤:纯化
照明(阐明):看
点燃:烧
STRUT: WING
beam: door
axle: wheel
guy: pylon
root: plant
twig: branch
答案：(C)
支杆(昂首阔步地走)；机翼
大梁:门
轴:轮
支索:铁塔
根:植物
细枝(理解):枝
As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear
to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to
generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological
factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check
over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by
different populations makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly
constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and
scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in
some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought
proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that
the relatively steady populations have "density-dependent" growth parameters;
that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on
population density. The highly varying populations have
"density-independent" growth parameters, with vital, rates buffeted
by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent
of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally.
For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent
factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death and
migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there
were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either
increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and
losses canceled exactly). Put another way, it may be that on average 99
percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and
only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up
the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly
hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually
determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation, we may think
of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the
"signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that
tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease
from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to
produce "noise" in the population dynamics. For populations that
remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal
can be fairly easilly characterized and its effects described,even though the causative biological mechanism
may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating opulations, we are likely
to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from
the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are
regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in
varying proportions.
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
discussing two categories of factors that control population growth
and assessing their relative importance
describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over
time and explaining why these changes occur
proposing a hypothesis concerning population sizes and suggesting ways to
test it
posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population
growth and presenting some currently accepted answers
refuting a commonly accepted theory about population density and offering a
new alternative
答案：(A)
正如吉尔伯·怀特（Gilbert White），达尔文（Darwin）及其他人很久以前就指出的那样，所有的物种都拥有一种与生俱有的能力，一代接一代地繁衍增加其数量。生态学家所要完成的任务，就是去解开那些环境和生态的因素，看它们如何最终将这一致使种群增长的内在能力予以控制。由不同种群展现出来的这些动态行为的巨大多样性使得这一任务更显困难：某些种群一年与一年之间保持大致稳定不变；其它的则呈现出规律的多寡周期；更有一些群则变幻莫测，时而暴增，时而暴减，有些情形中显然与气候有关，而在其它情形中则无关。
为了赋予这些万花筒般变化多端的模式以某种秩序，某一思想流派提出，将所有种群划分成两类。这些生态学家假设，那些相对稳定的种群具有“密度依赖”（density-dependent）增长参数；换言之，即那些严重依赖种群密度的出生、死亡、和迁徙率。而那些变化很大的种群则具有“密度独立”（density-independent）的增长参数，种群的生存率由于环境事件而不断受挫。这些比率以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式波动变化。
这种两分法有其用途，但如果太刻板地加以理解，它也会引起问题。一方面，没有任何种群会在所有的时候完全被“密度独立”的因素所驱使。无论出生、死亡、和迁徙率在怎样严重和不可预测的程度上有可能围绕着它们长期平均值波动变化，假若根本不存在密度依赖效应的话，整个种群将最终毫无限制地或增加或减少（从而阻碍了增益和亏损藉以完全取消这一奇迹的发生）。换言之，情况或许是，某一种群内所有死亡事件平均百分之九九都起源于“密度独立”原因，唯有百分之一的死亡事件源于与密度相应变化的因素。那些构成了百分之一的因素似乎显得无足轻重，而它们的原因也相应地难以断定。然而，不管能否得到确认，一般来说，它们将决定那种长期平均种群密度。
为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。对于那些保持相对不变或那些围绕着不断重复的周期而波动的种群来说，该信号能相当容易地加以形容，其效应亦可加予描述，虽然作为原因的生物机制有可能不得而知。对于那些不规则波动的种群而言，我们可能会拥有太少的观察，以致于不可能有望从那震耳欲聋的噪音中获取那一信号。但现在一切似乎显得很清楚，所有种群无不受到密度依赖与密度独立两种效应不同程度上兼而有之的制约。
It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers the dichotomy
discussed in the second paragraph to be
applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations
useful, but only if its limitations are recognized
dangerously misleading in most circumstances
a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena
conceptually valid, but too confusing to apply on a practical basis
答案：(B)
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the last paragraph?
For irregularly fluctuating populations, doubling the number of observations
made will probably result in the isolation of density-dependent effects.
Density-dependent effects on population dynamics do not occur as frequently
as do density-independent effects.
At present, ecologists do not understand any of the underlying causes of the
density-dependent effects they observe in population dynamics..
Density-dependent effects on growth parameters are thought to be caused by
some sort of biochemical "signaling" that ecologists hope eventually
to understand.
It is sometimes possible to infer the existence of a density-dependent factor
controlling population growth without understanding its causative mechanism.
答案：(E)
According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about
density-dependent factors in population growth?
They ultimately account for long-term population levels.
They have little to do with long-term population dynamics.
They are always more easily isolated and described than those that are
density-independent
They include random environmental events.
They contradict current ecological assumptions about population dynamics.
答案：(A)
According to the passage, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited
by different populations EXCEPT
roughly constant population levels from year to year
regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers
erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather
unchecked increases in numbers over many generations
sudden declines in numbers from time to time
答案：(D)
The discussion concerning population in lines 35-59 serves primarily to
demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent
factors limiting population growth
advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population
growth
prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely
density-independent
give an example of how death rates function to limit population densities in
typical populations
underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in
regulating long-term population densities
答案：(E)
In the passage, the author does all of the following EXCEPT
cite the views of other biologists
define a basic problem that the passage addresses
present conceptual categories used by other biologists
describe the results of a particular study
draw a conclusion
答案：(D)
In Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry does not reject integration or the
economic and moral progress of the American dream; rather, she remains loyal
to this dream while looking, realistically, at its incomplete realization.
Once we recognize this dual vision, we can accept the play's ironic nuances
as deliberate social commentaries by Hansberry rather than as the
"unintentional" irony that Bigsby attributes to the work. Indeed a curiously
persistent refusal to credit Hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony
has led some critics to interpret the play's thematic conflicts as mere
confusion, contradiction, or eclecticism. Isaacs, for example, cannot easily
reconcile Hansberry's intense concern for her race with her ideal of human
reconciliation. But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and human
solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois'
famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human
unity, or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also
accommodates national identities and roles.
The author's primary purpose in this passage is to
explain some critics' refusal to consider Raisin in the Sun a deliberately
ironic play
suggest that ironic nuances ally Raisin in the Sun with Du Bois' and Fanon's
writings
analyze the fundamental dramatic conflicts in Raisin in the Sun
justify the inclusion of contradictory elements in Raisin in the Sun
affirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisin in the Sun
答案：(E)
在《阳光下的葡萄干》（Raisin in the Sun）一剧中，洛兰·汉斯贝里（Lorraine
Hansberry）并不摈弃民族融合，或美国梦的经济和道德前景；相反，她一方面对这一梦想矢志不移，一方面则又以实现的眼光审视它那不完全充分的实现。我们一旦辨认出这一双重视角，我们就可以将该剧带有讽刺色彩的精妙内涵作为汉斯贝里有意识的社会评论予以接受，而不是象比格斯比（Bigsby）所赋予给作品的那样，将其视作“无意识的讽刺”。事实上，人们持续不断地拒不承认汉斯贝里具备进行有意识讽喻的能力，这种令人费解的做法已导致某些评论家将该剧作的主题冲突解释成为纯粹的混乱、矛盾或折衷主义。例如，伊萨克斯（Issacs）就无法轻易地将汉斯贝里对其种族强烈的关注与其人类和谐之理想相调和。但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du
Bois）的理想或法侬（Fanon）的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是，民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存；法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。
It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the
following about Hansberry's use of irony in Raisin in the Sun?
It derives from Hansberry's eclectic approach to dramatic structure.
It is justified by Hansberry's loyalty to a favorable depiction of American
life.
It is influenced by the themes of works by Du Bois and Fanon.
It is more consistent with Hansberry's concern for Black Americans than with
her ideal of human reconciliation.
It reflects Hansberry's reservations about the extent to which the American
dream has been realized.
答案：(E)
In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his
criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun?
The statement that Hansberry is "loyal" (line 5) to the American
dream
The description of Hansberry's concern for Black Americans as
"intense" (line 20)
The assertion that Hansberry is concerned with "human solidarity"
(line 23)
The description of Du Bois' ideal as "well-considered" (line 25)
The description of Fanon's internationalism as "ideal" (line 28)
答案：(D)
The author of the passage would probably
consider which of the following judgments
to be most similar to the reasoning of
critics described in lines 12-18 ?
The world is certainly flat; therefore,
the person proposing to sail around it
is unquestionably foolhardy.
Radioactivity cannot be directly perceived;
therefore, a scientist could not possibly
control it in a laboratory.
The painter of this picture could not intend
it to be funny, therefore, its humor must
result from a lack of skill.
Traditional social mores are beneficial to
culture; therefore, anyone who deviates
from them acts destructively.
Filmmakers who produce documentaries deal
exclusively with facts; therefore, a
filmmaker who reinterprets particular
events is misleading us.
答案：(C)
ADVOCATE:
rectify
enforce
observe
denounce
reimburse
答案：(D)
支持，鼓吹v.
A.纠正
B. 实施
C. 遵守（观察）
D. 谴责
E. 偿还
CORRUGATED:
pliant
smooth
fragile
vaporous
permeable
答案：(B)
起皱的adj.
A.柔软的，柔顺的
B. 平滑的
C. 易碎的（脆弱的）
D. 蒸气的（空洞的）
E. 可渗透的
COVERT:
acquainted
acclaimed
spontaneous
open
alert
答案：(D)
秘密的adj.
A.认识的，熟悉的
B. 喝彩的
C. 自发的
D. 公开的（坦率的）
E. 警觉的
EXTRANEOUS:
fruitful
expeditious
neutral
relevant
precipitous
答案：(D)
外在的，无关的adj.
A.有成果的
B. 敏捷的，迅速的
C. 中立的（中性的）
D. 相关的
E. 仓促的
DISTENSION:
release
dilution
implosion
angularity
compression
答案：(E)
扩张，膨胀n.
A.释放
B. 稀释
C. 内爆
D. 瘦骨磷峋（态度生硬）
E. 压缩
CONVERSANCE:
anonymity
brevity
lack of familiarity
lack of manners
lack of enthusiasm
答案：(C)
精通n.
A.匿名
B. 简短
C. 不熟悉
D. 缺乏礼貌
E. 缺乏热情
EMBOSS:
turn over
flatten out
whittle away
roughen
unfold
答案：(B)
使凸出，加雕花纹于v.
A.推翻
B. 弄平，铲平
C. 削掉
D. 使变粗糙
E. 打开（阐明）
QUOTIDIAN:
resourceful
serious
unusual
expensive
combative
答案：(C)
每日的，平凡的adj.
A.机智的
B. 严肃的
C. 非凡的
D. 昂贵的
E. 好斗的
TORRIDNESS:
solubility
volatility
frigidity
viscosity
purity
答案：(C)
炎热n.
A.可溶解（可解决）
B. 挥发性（多变）
C. 寒冷
D. 粘性
E. 纯度
OPPROBRIUM:
good repute
fair recompense
fidelity
exposure
patience
答案：(A)
恶名声（辱骂）n.
A.好名声
B. 公开的补偿
C. 忠诚
D. 暴露（曝光）
E. 耐心
DISABUSE:
afflict with pain
lead into error
force into exile
remove from grace
free from obligation
答案：(B)
纠正（打消…错误念头）v.
A.受疼痛折磨
B. 导致错误
C. 强迫流放
D. 不优雅
E. 没有义务
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