GRE全真题90(10)之四
It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary
effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the
society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has
been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the
household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in
society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules
Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up)
their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated
from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family
by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the
whole female sex . . . into public industry." Observers thus differed
concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they
agreed that it would transform women's lives.
Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women,
now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude
that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,
the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic
social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of
women's work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the
Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of
employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in
office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously
seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work
that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs,
thenceforth considered "women's work." The increase in the numbers
of married women emp- loyed outside the home in the twentieth century had less
to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time
for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high
marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers,
previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
Women's work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the
household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead
of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women
work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the
segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs
that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little
opportunity for advancement all persist, while women's household labor
remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision
of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its
effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the
traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of
the passage?
The effects of the mechanization of women's work have not borne out
the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently
revolutionary.
Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a
society's traditional values and the customary roles of its members.
Mechanization has caused the nature of women's work to change since
the Industrial Revolution.
The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did
not previously exist.
The mechanization of women's work, while extremely revolutionary it
its effects, has not, on the whole, had the deleterious effects that some
critics had feared.
答案：(A)
史学家们往往假设，劳动的机构化不仅仅对那些操作新机器的人们的生活，而且也对机器所被引入其中的社会，均产生了种革命性的影响。例如，有人曾提出，妇女受雇于工业，这将对她们带出了家庭——她们的传统活动范围，并从根本上改变了她们在社会中的地位。在十九世纪，当妇女开始进入工厂时，朱尔·西蒙（Jules
Simon）这位法国政治家就曾警告过，妇女一旦这样做，终将失去其女性特色。然而，弗里德里希·恩格斯（Friederich
Engels）则预言，通过技术发展，妇女将从家庭内的“社会、法律和经济从属地位中”被解放出来；正是技术的发展使得征召“整个女性阶层……进入到公共产业中去”成为了可能。因此，关于机械化后果的社会可取性，观察家们众说纷纭，莫衷一是，但在有一点上他们不谋而合，即机械化进程必将改变妇女的生活。
史学家们，尤其是那些研究妇女历史的史学家们，现在对关于机械化进程的变革作用这一假设表示严重的怀疑。他们得出结论认为，诸如纺织机、缝纫机、打字机、以及真空吸尘器之类富于戏剧性的技术革新既没有在妇女的经济地位这方面，也没有在对妇女工作的普遍评价这方面导致同样富于戏剧性的社会变革。工业革命期间，年轻妇女受雇于纺织厂，这在很大程度上是雇佣年轻、单身女性作为女仆这样一种较为古老的模式的延伸。十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。”二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—一类妇女。
在过去的二百年中，妇女的工作有了相当程度上的变化，从家庭转向办公室或工厂，并在后来绝大部分变作白领而非蓝领工作。然而，从根本上来说，妇女的工作条件自从工业革命之前的那个时代以来都几乎没有任何变化：由性别因素而造成的职业隔阂，妇女作为一个整体相对较低的报酬，以及那些仅要求相对低级技能并很少为妇女提供晋升机会的工作，凡此种种依然存在；而与此同时，妇女的家务劳动仍强度很高。近期的史学研究已导致史学家们对技术永远会对社会产生其固有的革命性影响这一观察作出重大修正。机械化进程甚至有可能阻遏了妇女无论是在劳动力市场还是在家庭内部传统地位的任何改变。
The author mentions all of the following inventions as examples
of dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT the
sewing machine
vacuum cleaner
typewriter
telephone
spinning jenny
答案：(D)
It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial
Revolution, the majority of women's work was done in which of the following
settings?
Textile mills
Private households
Offices
Factories
Small shops
答案：(B)
It can be inferred front the passage that the author would consider which
of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the
conditions of women's work?
Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy
white-collar positions
Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing
some household tasks
Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a
new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four
to one
Census results showing that working women's wages and salaries are, on
the average, as high as those of working men
Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers
of young women are choosing to continue their education beyond the
undergraduate level
答案：(D)
The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of
the following was true of many employers?
They did not employ women in factories.
They tended to employ single rather than married women.
They employed women in only those jobs that were related to
women's traditional household work.
They resisted technological innovations that would radically
change women's roles in the family.
They hired women only when qualified men were not available to fill the
open positions.
答案：(B)
It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably believes
which of the following to be true concerning those historians who
study the history of women?
Their work provides insights important to those examining
social phenomena affecting the lives of both sexes.
Their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in other disciplines.
Because they concentrate only on the role of women in the workplace,
they draw more reliable conclusions than do other historians.
While highly interesting, their work has not had an impact on
most historians' current assumptions concerning the revolutionary effect
of technology in the workplace.
They oppose the further mechanization of work, which, according to
their findings, tends to perpetuate existing inequalities in society.
答案：(A)
Which of the following best describes the function of the concluding
sentence of the passage?
It sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made
in the passage as a whole.
It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of
work which goes beyond the evidence presented in the passage as a whole.
It restates the point concerning technology made in the
sentence immediately preceding it.
It qualifies the author's agreement with scholars who argue for a
major revision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society.
It suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory views
concerning the effects of mechanization on society.
答案：(B)
Warm-blooded animals have elaborate physiological controls to
maintain constant body temperature (in humans, 37°C). Why then during
sickness should temperature rise, apparently increasing stress on the infected organism?
It has long been known that the level of serum iron in animals fills during
infection. Garibaldi first suggested a relationship between fever and iron. He
found that microbial synthesis of siderophores-substances that bind iron-in
bacteria of the genus Salmonella declined at environmental temperatures above
37°C and stopped at 40.3°C. Thus, fever would make it more difficult for
an infecting bacterium to acquire iron and thus to multiply. Cold-blooded
animals were used to test this hypothesis because their body temperature can
be controlled in the laboratory. Kluger reported that of iguanas infected
with the potentially lethal bacterium A. hydrophilia, more survived at
temperatures of 42°C than at 37°C, even though healthy animals prefer the
lower temperature. When animals at 42°C were injected with an iron solution,
however, mortality rates increased significantly. Research to determine
whether similar phenomena occur in warm-blooded animals is sorely needed. The
passage is primarily concerned with attempts to determine the role of
siderophores in the synthesis of serum iron new treatments for infections
that are caused by A. hydrophilia the function of fever in
warm-blooded animals the mechanisms that ensure constant
body temperature iron utilization in cold-blooded animals
答案：(C)
温血动物具有复杂的生理调控机制，可维持一种稳定不变的体温（在人体内部为摄氏三十七度）。那么，在患病期间，体温为何会上升，从而明显地给受感染的生物体增加压力呢？长期以来，科学家已发现，动物体内的血清铁（serum
iron）含量在感染期间会降低。加里波第（Garibaldi）首先提出在发高烧和铁之间存在着某种联系。他了现，在一种被称为沙门氏菌（Salmonella）的细菌中，含铁细胞——一种结合铁的物质——的微生物合成在环境温度超过37℃时开始下降，而在40.3℃时便告停止。因此，发高烧会使任何一个造成感染的细菌更难于获得铁，并因此更难于繁殖。冷血动物被用来检验这一假设，因为它们的体温能在实验室里加以控制。克鲁格（Kluger）报告道，在所有受潜在致命细菌A.
hydrophilia感染的鬣蜥中，在42℃温度条件下存活的动物数量要超过在37℃温度条件下存活的数量，尽管健康的动物更喜欢较低的的温度。当动物在42℃的温度下被注射铁液剂后，死亡率便大大增加。用于确定类似现象是否也会在温血动物身上出现的研究亟待进行。
According to the passage, Garibaldi determined which of the following?
That serum iron is produced through microbial synthesis
That microbial synthesis of siderophores in warm-blooded animals is more
efficient at higher temperatures.
That only iron bound to other substances can be used by bacteria.
That there is a relationship between the synthesis of siderophores in
bacteria of the genus Salmonella and environmental temperature.
That bacteria of the genus Salmonella require iron as a nutrient.
答案：(D)
温血动物具有复杂的生理调控机制，可维持一种稳定不变的体温（在人体内部为摄氏三十七度）。那么，在患病期间，体温为何会上升，从而明显地给受感染的生物体增加压力呢？长期以来，科学家已发现，动物体内的血清铁（serum
iron）含量在感染期间会降低。加里波第（Garibaldi）首先提出在发高烧和铁之间存在着某种联系。他了现，在一种被称为沙门氏菌（Salmonella）的细菌中，含铁细胞——一种结合铁的物质——的微生物合成在环境温度超过37℃时开始下降，而在40.3℃时便告停止。因此，发高烧会使任何一个造成感染的细菌更难于获得铁，并因此更难于繁殖。冷血动物被用来检验这一假设，因为它们的体温能在实验室里加以控制。克鲁格（Kluger）报告道，在所有受潜在致命细菌A.
hydrophilia感染的鬣蜥中，在42℃温度条件下存活的动物数量要超过在37℃温度条件下存活的数量，尽管健康的动物更喜欢较低的的温度。当动物在42℃的温度下被注射铁液剂后，死亡率便大大增加。用于确定类似现象是否也会在温血动物身上出现的研究亟待进行。
Which of the following can be inferred about warm-blooded animals solely
on the basis of information in the passage?
The body temperatures of warm-blooded animals cannot be easily controlled
in the laboratory
Warm-blooded animals require more iron in periods of stress than they do
at other times.
Warm-blooded animals are more comfortable at an environmental temperature
of 37°C than they are at a temperature of 42°C.
In warm-blooded animals, bacteria are responsible for the production of siderophores,
which, in turn, make iron available to the animal.
In warm-blooded animals, infections that lead to fever are usually
traceable to bacteria.
答案：(A)
If it were to be determined that "similar phenomena occur in
warm-blooded animals" (lines 32-33), which of the following, assuming
each is possible, is likely to be the most effective treatment
for warm-blooded animals with bacterial infections?
Administering a medication that lowers the animals' body temperature
Injecting the animals with an iron solution
Administering a medication that makes serum iron unavailable to bacteria
Providing the animals with reduced-iron diets
Keeping the animals in an environment with temperatures higher than 37°C
答案：(C)
PERTAIN:
be apathetic
be illegitimate
be irrevocable
be incongruous
be irrelevant
答案：(E)
相关，属于v.
A.冷漠
B. 不合法
C. 不可撤销
D. 不协调
E. 不相关
FREQUENCY:
unity
rarity
gradualness
persistency
moderation
答案：(B)
频繁n.
A.统一
B. 稀有
C. 逐渐
D. 坚持不懈
E. 节制
AMALGAMATE:
study
circulate
reduce
endure
separate
答案：(E)
混合v.
A.研究
B. 循环（流通）
C. 减少
D. 忍耐
E. 分开
ARRHYTHMIC:
timely
subordinate
terminal
lacking precision
exhibiting regularity
答案：(E)
不规则的（无节奏的）adj.
A.适时的，合适的
B. 次要的（附属的，下属）
C. 终点的
D. 缺乏精确的
E. 展示规律性的
BLITHE:
conceited
dim
sturdy
laconic
grave
答案：(E)
活泼轻快的adj.
A.自负的
B. 阴暗的
C. 健壮的
D. 简洁的
D. 严肃的，庄重的
POLEMICAL:
imitative
lavish
conciliatory
attractive
modest
答案：(C)
好争辨的，争辩的adj.
A.模仿的
B. 浪费的（大量的）
C. 和好的，抚慰的
D. 有吸引力的
E. 谦虚的
PRECIPITATE:
deliberate
determined
dissident
desperate
divided
答案：(A)
鲁莽的（加速，促进）adj.
A.深思熟虑的（故意的）
B. 决定的
C. 持异议的
D. 绝望的（渴望的）
E. 被分割的
DEFERENCE:
aversion
resignation
suspicion
inattention
contempt
答案：(E)
尊敬（依从）n.
A.嫌恶，反感
B. 逆来顺受（辞职）
C. 怀疑
D. 不留心
E. 轻蔑
UNTOWARD:
direct
decisive
necessary
favorable and anticipated
confident and prepared
答案：(D)
坏事意料不到的（不幸的）adj.
A.直接的
B. 果断的（决定性的）
C. 必需的
D. 有利并在意料之中的
E. 自信且准备好的
OPPROBRIOUS:
meretricious
innocuous
invulnerable
irreproachable
ambitious
答案：(D)
恶名声的（责骂的）adj.
A.俗丽的
B. 无害的
C. 不易受伤害的，不易受攻击的
D. 无可指责的
E. 有雄心抱负的
VERITABLE:
impetuous
pernicious
inefficacious
disastrous
specious
答案：(E)
名副其实的adj.
A.冲动的
B. 有害的
C. 无效的
D. 灾难性的
E. 似是而非的
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