GRE全真题90(10)之二
The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect
vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact
counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply
and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were
blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual
wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation,
and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to
present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick-no, not
John's, but his own. " No language is perfect, and if we admit this
truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative
merits of different languages or of different details in languages.The primary
purpose of the passage is to analyze an interesting feature of the English
language refute a belief held by some linguists show that economic theory is
relevant to linguistic study illustrate the confusion that can result from
the improper use of language suggest a way in which languages can be made
more nearly perfect
答案：(B)
某些语言学家的一种普遍信念是，每种语言都是一个载体，可用来完美地表达操该种语言的民族的思想。在某种程度上，这一语言学思想与曼彻斯特经济学派所坚信的观点如出一辙，构成了一种绝然的对等理论。该经济学派认为，供求关系制约着一切并使一切趋势于最佳状态。正如这些经济家对供求规律所造成的使实际需求不得满足的诸般实例视而不见那样，同样地，许多语言学家对下述情形也可谓是充耳不闻。在此类情形中，语言的性质本身就有可能导致日常交谈中的种种误解，因此在这种情况下，一个词语必须经过修饰或界定之后，才有可能表达说话者所意欲表述的那层涵义：“他拿了他的拐杖——不，不是约翰的，而是他自己的。”没有任何语言是尽善尽美的，假如我们承认这一真理，我们同样也必须承认，对不同语言的相对优劣，或对不同语言中的不同细节进行分析，这并非不合情理。
The misunderstanding presented by the author in lines 19-20 is similar to which
of the following?
I.X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Y thinks that
X is referring to one person only.
II. X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly" to refer to a typical example,
but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception."
III. X uses the word "bachelor" to mean "unmarried
man," but Y mistakenly thinks that bachelor means "unmarried
woman."
I only
II only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
答案：(A)
In presenting the argument, the author does all of the following EXCEPT
give an example
draw a conclusion
make a generalization
make a comparison
present a paradox
答案：(E)
Which of the following contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author
in lines 19-20 ?
It is unclear whom the speaker of the sentence is addressing.
It is unclear to whom the word "his" refers the first time it is
used.
It is unclear to whom the word "his" refers the second time it is
used.
The meaning of "took" is ambiguous.
It is unclear to whom "He" refers.
答案：(B)
FALLACY:
personal philosophy
imaginative idea
unconfirmed theory
tentative opinion
valid argument
答案：(E)
谬误n.
A.个人哲学
B. 富有想象的观点
C. 未被证实的观点
D. 尝试性的观点
E. 有效的论证
DIVULGE:
keep secret
evaluate by oneself
refine
restore
copy
答案：(A)
泄露v.
A.保守秘密
B. 自己评价
C. 提炼（使文雅）
D. 恢复
E. 拷贝，复制
BOYCOTT:
extort
underwrite
underbid
stipulate
patronize
答案：(E)
抵制v.
A.勒索
B. 承保，包销
C. 出价低于别人
D. 约定，规定
E. 惠顾（赞助）
ADULTERATION:
consternation
purification
normalization
approximation
rejuvenation
答案：(B)
掺假n.
A.惊骇
B. 纯化
C. 标准化
D. 大约，近似
E. 返老还童
DEPOSITION:
process of congealing
process of distilling
process of eroding
process of evolving
process of condensing
答案：(C)
沉积（发誓作证，罢黜）n.
A.凝结的过程
B. 蒸馏的过程
C. 侵蚀的过程
D. 进化的过程
E. 浓缩的过程
ENERVATE:
recuperate
resurrect
renovate
gather
strengthen
答案：(E)
削弱v.
A.病中恢复
B. 复活（复兴）
C. 翻新
D. 收集
E. 加强
LOQUACIOUS:
tranquil.
skeptical
morose
taciturn
witty
答案：(D)
唠叨的adj.
A.平静的
B. 怀疑的
C. 忧虑的
D. 沉默寡言的
E. 机智的（诙谐的）
REPINE:
intensify
excuse
express joy
feel sure
rush forward
答案：(C)
抱怨v.
A.激化
B. 辩解，借口
C. 表达高兴
D. 感觉确定
E. 向前冲
VENERATION:
derision
blame
avoidance
ostracism
defiance
答案：(A)
尊敬n.
A.嘲笑
B. 谴责
C. 避免
D. 放逐
E. 违抗，藐视
INVETERATE:
casual
public
satisfactory
trustworthy
sophisticated
答案：(A)
积习很深的adj.
A.偶然的
B. 公开的
C. 令人满意的
D. 值得信任的
E. 世故的（精密的）
UNDERMINE:
submerge
supersede
overhaul
undergird
intersperse
答案：(D)
削弱v.
A.浸入，淹没
B. 替代
C. 大修（彻底检查）
D. 支持，加强
E. 点缀
In a game, exactly six inverted cups stand side by side in a straight
line,and each has exactly one ball hidden under it. The cups are numbered consecutively
1 through 6. Each of the balls is painted a single solid color. The colors of
the balls are green, magenta, orange, purple, red, and yellow. The balls have
been hidden under the cups in a manner that conforms to the following
conditions:
The purple ball must be hidden under a lower-numbered cup than the orange ball.
The red ball must be hidden under a cup immediately adjacent to the cup
under which the magenta ball is hidden.
The green ball must be hidden under cup 5.
Which of the following could be the colors of the balls under the cups, in order
from 1 through 6 ?
Green, yellow, magenta, red, purple, orange
Magenta, green, purple, red, orange, yellow
Magenta, red, purple, yellow, green, orange
Orange, yellow, red, magenta, green, purple
Red, purple, magenta, yellow, green, orange
答案：(C)
If the magenta ball is under cup 4, the red ball must be under cup
1
2
3
5
6
答案：(C)
A ball of which of the following colors could be under cup 6 ?
Green
Magenta
Purple
Red
Yellow
答案：(E)
If the purple ball is under cup 4, the orange ball must be under cup
1
2
3
5
6
答案：(E)
Which of the following must be true?
The green ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
The orange ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the green ball.
The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the green ball.
The purple ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the red ball.
The red ball is under a lower-numbered cup than the yellow ball.
答案：(C)
If the orange ball is under cup 2, balls of which of the following colors could
be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?
Green and magenta
Green and purple
Orange and yellow
Purple and red
Red and yellow
答案：(A)
If the magenta ball is under cup 1, balls of which of the following colors must
be under cups immediately adjacent to each other?
Green and orange
Green and yellow
Purple and red
Purple and yellow
Red and yellow
答案：(A)
The company should not be held responsible for failing to correct the control-panel
problem that caused the accident. Although the problem had been mentioned
earlier in a safety inspector's report, companies receive hundreds of reports
of such problems; and Industry Standard No. 42 requires action on these problems
only when an accident is foreseeable. If the second sentence in the paragraph
above is factually correct, the answer to which of the following questions is
most relevant in helping to determine whether or not the company violated
Industry Standard No. 42 when it failed to correct the control-panel problem?
Was the accident serious?
Was the control-panel problem of a type that is known to indicate that an accident
is likely?
Since the accident, has the company done a special safety check on all control
panels?
Did the safety inspector mention more than one problem in the same report?
How long was the control panel in use before the problem was discovered?
答案：(B)
Riothamus, a fifth-century king of the Britons, was betrayed by an associate, fought
bravely against the Goths but was defeated, and disappeared mysteriously. Riothamus'
activities, and only those of Riothamus, match almost exactly those attributed
to King Arthur. Therefore, Riothamus must be the historical model for the
legendary King Arthur.
The argument above requires at least one additional premise. Which of the following
could be such a required promise?
Modern historians have documented the activities of Riothamus better than those
of any other fifth-century king.
The stories told about King Arthur are not strictly fictitious but are based on
a historical person and historical events.
Riothamus' associates were the authors of the original legends about King Arthur.
Legends about the fifth century usually embellish and romanticize the actual conditions
of the lives of fifth-century nobility.
Posterity usually remembers legends better than it remembers the actual historical
events on which they are based.
答案：(B)
问题:
上面的论述至少需要一个额外的前提，下面哪一个可能是这样的前提?
读题:Riothmus,5 世纪Brions的国王，被其同伴背叛，与Goths英勇地斗争但是被击败，并神秘地消失。R的行为，也仅仅只有R的行为，与归于King
Author的行为非常相似。因此，R一定是传说中King Author的历史模型。
分析：
本题结论：therefore后面的一句话，R是传说中KingAuthor的历史模型。结论是从这样的事实得出：R的行为，也只有R的行为，与传说中King
Author
的行为是相符的结论对事实作了一种解释：为什么他们的行为相似呢？是因为R是传说中KingAuthor的历史模型。问题是寻找一个假设，因此要求没有其他的原因来解释上面这个事实。
首先寻找带有带有否定词的选项，B有否定词B.传说中关于King
Author的故事，并不是虚构的，而是基于一个历史人物和历史事件。（去掉否定词，则如果是虚构的话，完全有可能来说明他们的行为为什么相似。因此B构成了假设）C.R的同伴是关于最初King
Author传说的作者C起到了SUPPORT的作用D.关于5世纪的传说通常润饰和以浪漫风格描绘5世纪贵族生活的真实情况。E.后裔们通常记忆传说比记忆它所基于的真实历史事件更清楚(无关选项）
A worldwide ban on the production of certain ozone-destroying chemicals would provide
only an illusion of protection. Quantities of such chemicals, already produced,
exist as coolants in millions of refrigerators. When they reach the ozone
layer in the atmosphere, their action cannot be halted. So there is no way to
prevent these chemicals from damaging the ozone layer further. Which of the
following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? It is
impossible to measure with accuracy the quantity of ozone-destroying chemicals
that exist as coolants in refrigerators.In modern societies, refrigeration of
food is necessary to prevent unhealthy and potentially life-threatening
conditions.Replacement chemicals that will not destroy ozone have not yet been
developed and would be more expensive than the chemicals now used as coolants
in refrigerators.Even if people should give up the use of refrigeration, the
coolants already in existing refrigerators are a threat to atmospheric
ozone.The coolants in refrigerators can be fully recovered at the end of the
useful life of the refrigerators and reused.
答案：(E)
问题；下面哪一个如果正确的话，最能够削弱上面的论述？
读题：全球范围内禁止某种破坏臭氧层的化学物质将只能提供一种保护的错觉。大量的这些化学物质已经产生，并且在数百万个冰箱内以制冷剂的形式存在。当它们到达大气中的臭氧层时，它们的作用将不能被阻止。因此，在将来没有办法来阻止这些化学物质破坏臭氧层。
分析:
本题结论：So后面的这句话，没有方法阻止这些化学物质损害臭氧层
本题原因：So前面的话，这些化学物质已经以制冷剂的形式存在，当它们到达臭氧层的时候，它们的行为就不能被阻止简短地说就是：因为已经存在，到达的话,所以一定损害现在要WEAKEN这个论述，则说到和原因，原因和结论之间或结论不一样的就可能是答案
A.很难精确预测以制冷剂形式存在的破坏臭氧层的化学物质的量（无关选项）
C.不破坏臭氧层的可以用来替代的化学物质还没有被研究出来，并且将比冰箱内用作制冷剂的化学物质更昂贵。（无关选项）
D.即使人们放弃制冷的使用，现有冰箱内已存在的制冷剂对于大气中的臭氧层是一个威胁(说到制冷剂对大气是威胁，STRENGTH了结论)
E.
在冰箱的使用寿命结束时，冰箱内的制冷剂可以完全被重新获得并被重新使用。（直接反对，原因是不可行的，虽然存在，但是能够被fully
recovered，因此就到达不了臭氧层，不造成伤害）
**（告诉能够被fully recovered, 那么就完全能够被recover，不要认为假如有泄漏怎么办呢，GRE题中不存在假如，万一的情况）
A government is assigning each of six embassy office workers-Farr,
Golden,Hayakawa, Inserra, Jones, and Kovacs-to embassies. There are four
embassies.Embassies L and M are located in countries with dry climates, whereas
embassies P and T are located in countries with humid climates. The office
workers must be assigned according to the following rules:
Each embassy must have at least one of the workers assigned to it.
At least one embassy in a humid climate must have at least two workers assigned
to it.
Golden cannot be assigned to the same embassy as Kovacs.
Inserra must be assigned to an embassy in a dry climate.
Jones must be assigned to an embassy in a humid climate.
Which of the following is an acceptable assignment of the workers to the embassies?
L M P T
Farr,Golden Inserra,Kovacs Hayakawa Jones
Golden,Kovacs Inserra Jones Farr,Hayakawa
Golden Farr,Inserra Kovacs Jones,Hayakawa
Jones Golden,Inserra Hayakawa Farr,Kovacs
Kovacs Farr,Hayakawa Inserra Golden,Jones
答案：(C)
读题：政府分配6个人F、G、H、I、J、K到大使馆，共有4个大使馆。
dry: L M
humid: P T
写条件：
1、each >=1 (表示每个大使馆至少1个人)
2、hunid: 至少一个2人（6个人至少取5个)
3、G≠k (表示GK不在同一个大使馆)
4、I∈dry (表示I一定在dry地区)
5、J∈hunid
条件总结：
* 4个大使馆，其实可以看作4组，因此题目变为6个人分为4组给对分组题而言，我们主要是取得每组的数目分配关系。
1、 条件1有(每个大使馆至少1个人)，则 6个人已经取了4个由条件2知，至少一个humid地区大使馆有2个人，则6个人至少已经取了5个，其中humid地区至少3人。
2、如果取5个人：humid地区大使馆P/T中有一组为2人，其余3组均为1人。如果6人全分配：则5人取法同上，主要考虑剩下1人在哪个组，是在dry地区还是humid地区，
题13、14、15都是体现了对分组数目的运用。
Which of the following must be assigned either to embassy L or to embassy M ?
Farr
Golden
Hayakawa
Inserra
Kovacs
答案：(D)
Which of the following CANNOT be true?
One worker is assigned to L.
Two workers are assigned to P.
Two workers are assigned to L.
Three workers are assigned to M.
Three workers are assigned to T.
答案：(D)
If Golden and Kovacs are assigned to L and M, respectively, which of the following
must be true?
Farr is assigned to either P or T.
Inserra is assigned to either P or T.
P and T each have two workers assigned to them.
Hayakawa is assigned to L.
Hayakawa is assigned to T.
答案：(A)
If Golden, Hayakawa, and Kovacs are among the workers assigned to embassies in
humid climates, which of the following must be true?
Farr is assigned to an embassy to which none of the other five office workers is
assigned.
Golden is assigned to an embassy to which none of the other five office workers
is assigned.
Jones is assigned to the same embassy as Kovacs.
Hayakawa is assigned to the same embassy as Golden.
Hayakawa is assigned to the same embassy as Kovacs.
答案：(A)
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