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　　GRE全真题90(04)之一

　　Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas,many people were unprepared for the ------- of the blizzard of 1888.

　　inevitability

　　ferocity

　　importance

　　probability

　　mildness

　　答案：(B)

　　formidable: a.可怕的，令个畏惧的

　　norm: n.标准，规范

　　blizzard: n.暴风雨，大风雪

　　inevitability: n.无可规避，注定发生

　　ferocity: n.凶恶，凶猛，残忍，猛烈，强烈

　　尽管可怕的冬季在达科化州司空见惯，但人们对1888年那场暴风雪的凶猛程度却始料不及

　　As the first streamlined car, the Airflow represented a ------- in automotive development, and although its sales were -------, it had an immense influence on automobile design.

　　milestone.. disappointing

　　breakthrough.. significant

　　regression.. unimportant

　　misjudgment.. calculable

　　revolution.. tolerable

　　答案：(A)

　　streamline: v.1、使成为流线型 2、使现代化，使合理化 精简（机构），提高效率

　　automotive: a.1、汽车的确良 2、自动推进的

　　milestone: n.1、里程碑（标） 2、（喻）里程碑，（历史的）重大事件

　　breakthrough: n.1、《军》突围，突破性 2、（物价的）暴涨，（价值的）骤增

　　3、（科技的）重大成就，突破性进展

　　regression: n.后退，倒退，退化

　　作为第一辆流线型汽车，Airflow代表着洫发展过程中的一座里程碑。尽管其销售令人失望但它对汽车的设计却产生了巨大的影响。

　　While nurturing parents can compensate for adversity, cold or inconsistent parents may ------ it.

　　exacerbate

　　neutralize

　　eradicate

　　ameliorate

　　relieve

　　答案：(A)

　　nurture: v.养育，培育，教养

　　compensate for: v.弥补，补偿，抵消

　　adversity: n.1、厄运，逆境，困境 2、痛苦，不幸，灾难

　　exacerbate: v.1、使加深（剧），使恶化 2、激怒，使苦恼

　　neutralize: v.使成为无效，抵消，使中立化

　　eradicate: v.根除，杜绝

　　ameliorate: v.改善，使变好

　　relieve: v.减轻，缓解，舒缓

　　虽然善于培养子女的父母能对厄运与不幸有所补偿，但冷漠和言行不一的父母则有可能使之加剧恶化

　　The architects of New York's early skyscrapers, hinting here at a twelfth-century cathedral, there at a fifteenth- century palace, sought to legitimize the city's social strivings by ----- a history the city did not truly -----.

　　revealing.. deserve

　　displaying.. desire

　　evoking.. possess

　　preserving.. experience

　　flouting.. believe

　　答案：(C)

　　skyscaper: n.摩天大楼

　　hint(at): v.暗示，示意

　　cathedral: n.大教堂

　　legitimize: v.1、使合法 2、证明...为有理（或正当）

　　social strivings: n.社会追求

　　evoke: v.唤起，使人联想起

　　flout: v.藐视，蔑视，嘲讽

　　纽约的早期摩天大楼的建筑师们，这儿暗示某座十二世纪的大教堂，那儿暗示一处十五世纪的宫殿，竭力通过使人隐约联想起某种这座城市并不真正拥有的历史，试图使该城市的社会奋斗得以显得顺理成章

　　Actual events in the history of life on Earth are accidental in that any outcome embodies just one ----- among millions; yet each outcome can be ----- interpreted.

　　coincidence.. randomly

　　relationship.. predictably

　　fact.. readily

　　happening.. uniquely

　　possibility.. rationally

　　答案：(E)

　　Although some of her fellow scientists ------- the

　　unorthodox laboratory methodology that others found

　　innovative, unanimous praise greeted her experimental

　　results: at once pioneering and -------.

　　ignored.. untrustworthy

　　complimented.. foreseeable

　　welcomed.. mundane

　　decried.. unexceptionable

　　attacked.. inconclusive

　　答案：(D)

　　unorthodox: a.非正统的，异端的，叛经离道的

　　methodology: n.1、（科学的）一套方法 2、方法论，方法学龄前 3、教学法

　　unanimous: a.全体一致的，无异议的

　　at once...and...: conj.既...又...，不仅...而且...

　　pioneering: a.1、拓荒者的，开拓者的 2、先驱的，开拓性的，拓荒时期的

　　compliment: v.称赞，恭维，祝贺

　　foreseeable: a.可预见到的

　　mundane: a.1、尘世的，世俗的确良 2、单调的，平凡的

　　decry: v.1、反对，遣责 2、诋毁

　　unexceptionable: a.无懈可击的，无可指谪的，完美无缺的（exception 作名词时意为

　　“反对，异议”，如take exception to，对...表示异议）

　　尽管她的某些科学家同僚们极力底毁那套在别人看来不乏创新意义的非正统实验方法论，但是，人们对她的实验结果即报以普遍的赞誉，既不乏开拓性，又无懈可击。

　　Early critics of Emily Dickinson's poetry mistook for simplemindedness the surface of artlessness that in fact she constructed with such -------.

　　astonishment

　　vexation

　　allusion

　　innocence

　　cunning

　　答案：(E)

　　Emily Dickinson: n.迪更生（1830-1886，美国女诗人，美国现代诗先驱者之一）

　　mistake...for...: v.把...误认为...

　　simplemindedness: n.1、纯朴，天真无邪 2、头脑简单，无知，愚蠢3、智能低下

　　artlessness: n.单纯，天真，不谙世故，不诡计

　　astonishment: n.1、惊讶，惊愕 2、令人惊讶的事物

　　vexation: n.烦恼，伤脑筋，

　　allusion: n.1、暗指，间接提到 2、引用典故，典故

　　cunning: n.1、诡诈，狡猾 2、灵巧，熟练，精巧，巧妙制作

　　埃米莉。迪更生诗歌的早期评论家们将其表面的单纯误解为头脑简单，而事实上，她对这种单纯表面的营造却是煞费心机。

　　MICROSCOPE: SMALL::

　　telescope : distant

　　monocle: single

　　lens : refracted

　　camera: photographic

　　periscope: military

　　答案：(A)

　　显微镜:小的

　　望远镜:远的

　　单片眼镜:单个的

　　镜片:被折射的

　　照相机:摄影的(逼真的)

　　潜望镜:军事的

　　EXHIBITION: PAINTING::

　　concert: symphony

　　accompaniment : melody

　　audition: chorus

　　improvisation: solo

　　rehearsal : orchestra

　　答案：(A)

　　展览会，表演:绘画

　　音乐会:交响乐

　　伴奏:旋律

　　试听，听觉:合唱

　　即兴演出:独唱(单人飞行)

　　排练:交响乐团

　　STERILIZATION: MICROORGANISMS::

　　amnesty: deserters

　　defamation: enemies

　　inoculation: vaccine

　　deforestation : trees

　　assassination : murderers

　　答案：(D)

　　消毒，灭菌:微生物

　　大赦:逃兵，开小差者

　　诽谤，抵毁:敌军

　　接种疫苗:疫苗

　　砍伐森林:树木

　　暗杀:凶手

　　RUFFLE: SHIRT::

　　rafter: roof

　　molding: cabinet

　　gate: path

　　curb : sidewalk

　　shade: window

　　答案：(B)

　　皱褶饰边(弄皱v.):衬衫

　　橡子:屋顶

　　装饰木线:壁柜

　　大门:通道，路

　　镶边石(约束v.):人行道

　　窗帘(色彩n.):窗户

　　EMIGRATE: EXILE::

　　select: organize

　　appoint: nominate

　　capture: imprison

　　enlist : conscript

　　contribute: deduct

　　答案：(D)

　　移居出:驱逐

　　选择:组织

　　任命，约定:提名

　　逮捕:监禁

　　自愿入伍:强制征兵

　　贡献，捐献:减去

　　BARRAGE: EXPLOSIVES::

　　cacophony: sounds

　　deluge :rain

　　vista: sights

　　grenade: bombs

　　volcano: lava

　　答案：(B)

　　弹幕，大量炮火:炸弹

　　难听的声音:声音

　　大洪水:雨

　　远景(连绵回忆n.):风景名胜

　　手榴弹:炸弹

　　火山:熔岩

　　WARY: GULLED::

　　passionate: moved

　　taciturn : goaded

　　loquacious: befriended

　　vigilant: ambushed

　　shrill : satisfied

　　答案：(D)

　　谨慎的:被欺骗的

　　充满激情的:被感动的

　　沉默的:被激发的

　　多嘴唠叨的:被友好对待的

　　警惕的:中埋伏的

　　尖叫的:满意的

　　WILLFULNESS: HEADSTRONG::

　　glibness: astute

　　determination : attentive

　　elegance: grandiose

　　subservience: fawning

　　anxiety : pessimistic

　　答案：(D)

　　任性，固执:倔强的

　　伶俐善辩:机敏的

　　决心；专心的，关注别人的

　　优雅:宏伟的，浮夸的

　　谄媚，奴性:拍马的

　　焦急:悲观主义的

　　UNTENABLE: DEFENDED

　　valuable: insured

　　fordable : crossed

　　unjustifiable : forgiven

　　unpretentious: admired

　　invulnerable: injured

　　答案：(E)

　　不可防守的:被防守

　　有价值的:被保险的

　　可涉水而过的:通过的

　　无理的:被原谅的

　　朴实的，不做作的:被钦佩的

　　刀枪不入的:被伤害的

　　Because of its accuracy in outlining　the Earth's subsurface, the　seismic-reflection method remains the　most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice,a　subsurface is mapped by arranging a　series of wave-train sources, such as　small dynamite explosions,in a grid　pattern. As each source is activated, it generates a wave train that moves　downward at a speed determined uniquely　by the rock's elastic characteristics.　As rock interfaces are crossed,the　elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes　part of the energy to be reflected back　to the surface, where it is recorded by　seismic instruments. The seismic records　must be processed to correct for positional differences between the　source and the receiver, for unrelated　wave trains, and for multiple　reflections from the rock interfaces.　Then the data acquired at each of the specific source locations are combined　to generate a physical profile of the　subsurface, which can eventually be used　to select targets for drilling.

　　The passage is primarily concerned with

　　describing an important technique

　　discussing a new method

　　investigating a controversial procedure

　　announcing a significant discovery

　　promoting a novel application

　　答案：(A)

　　由于“地震反射法”在勾画地球的地面下部位这方面的准确性，该方法一直是探寻石油储存的最重要的工具。在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成为一网格模式，从而将地面下部位在地图上标绘出来。随着每一个波列源得以被触发，它就产生一个波列，该波列便以一特定速度向下移动，而其下移的速度仅仅取决于岩石的弹性特征。随着岩石的界面被穿越，所遇的弹性特征一般会突然地改变，这便导致一部分能量反射回到地面，于是这部分能量就在地面被地震仪器记录下来。地震记载必须加以处理，以便纠正波列源与接受器之间的位置差异，纠正无关的波列，以及纠正来自岩石界面的多重反射。然后，在每一个特定波列源位置获取的数据被综合起来，得出一个地面下部位的物理剖面图，而这一剖面图则能最终用来择取目标进行钻探。

　　According to the passage, in the seismic-reflection method all of the following have a significant effect on the signal detected by the seismic instruments EXCEPT the

　　presence of unrelated wave trains

　　placement of the seismic instruments

　　number of sources in the grid pattern

　　nature of the reflectivity of the rock interfaces

　　properties of rocks through which the wave train has traveled

　　答案：(C)

　　　It can be inferred from the passage that the seismic-reflection method would be likely to yield an inaccurate physical profile of the subsurface in which of the following circumstances?

　　If the speed at which the wave train moved downward changed

　　If the receiver were not positioned directly at the wave-train source

　　If the rock on one side of a rock interface had similar elastic characteristics to those of the rock on the other side

　　If the seismic records obtained for the different sources in a grid were highly similar to each other

　　If there were no petroleum deposits beneath the area defined by the grid of wave-train sources

　　答案：(C)　

　　　Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? A method is criticized, and an alternative is suggested.

　　An illustration is examined, and some errors are exposed.

　　An assertion is made, and a procedure is outlined.

　　A series of examples is presented, and a conclusion is drawn.

　　A hypothesis is advanced, and supporting evidence is supplied.

　　答案：(C)

　　Modern archaeological finds can still　contribute much to the study of ncient　literature. For example, forty years　ago a survey of the early Greek dramatist Aeschylus' plays would have　started with The Suppliant Women. Many　factors internal to the play, but　perhaps most especially the prominence　of the chorus (which in this play has the main role),led scholars to consider　it one of Aeschylus' earlier works.　The consensus was that here was a　drama truly reflecting an early stage in　the evolution of tragedy out of choral lyric. The play was dated as early as　the 490's B.C., in any event, well　before Aeschylus' play The Persians of　472 B.C. Then, in 1952, a fragment of　papyrus found at Oxyrhynchus was published stating the official　　circumstances and results of a dramatic　contest. The fragment announced that　Aeschylus won first prize with his　Danaid tetralogy, of which The Suppliant Women is the opening play,　and defeated Sophocles in the process.　Sophocies did not compete in any　dramatic contest before 468 B.C., when　he won his first victory. Hence, except by special pleading (e.g.,that　the tetralogy was composed early in　Aeschylus' career but not produced　until the 460's B.C.), the Danaid　tetralogy must be put after 468 B.C. In addition, a few letters in the fragment　suggest the name Archedemides, archon　in 463 B.C., thus perhaps tying the　plays to that precise date, almost　exactly halfway between Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes of 467 B.C. and　his Oresteia.　　　

　　The implication of the papyrus　administered a severe shock to the vast majority of classical scholars, who had　confidently asserted that not only the　role of the chorus but also language,　metrics, and characterization all　pointed to an early date. The discovery has resulted in no less　than a total reevaluation of every　chronological criterion that has been　applied to or derived from Aeschylus'　plays. The activity has been brisk, and a new creed has now spread. The　prominence of the chorus in The　Suppliant Women now is seen not as a　sign of primitivism but as analogous to　the massive choral songs of the Oresieia.tatistics have been　formulated,or reformulated, to show　that stylistically The Suppliant Women　does actually occupy a position after　The Persians and Seven Against Thebes, which now become the "primitive" plays,　and before the Oresteia. While the new　doctrine seems almost certainly　correct, the one papyrus fragment　raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that　it was a posthumous production of the　Danaid tetralogy which bested　Sophocles, and throwing the date once　more into utter confusion. This is unlikely to happen, but it warns us　that perhaps the most salutary feature　of the papyrus scrap is its message of　the extreme difficulty of classifying and　categorizing rigidly the development of a creative artist.The author of the passage focuses primarily on discussing a series of modern archaeological finds and their impact on the study of Greek literature recounting the effect of one archaeological find on modern ideas concerning a particular author's work giving a definitive and coherent account of the chronology of a particular author's work illustrating the many varieties of difficulties involved in establishing facts concerning ancient literature determining the exact value of archaeological finds in relation to the history of ancient literature

　　答案：(B)

　　现代考古发现依然能够对古代文学研究作出相当大的贡献。譬如，四十多年之前，一项对早期希腊剧作家埃斯库罗斯（Aeschylus）诸剧作的调查分析，极有可能以《乞援衰女》（The Suppliant Women）为开端。许多对于该剧具有内在意义的因素，但或许最特殊的是合唱队的显赫地位（在该剧中具有主导作用），致使学者们将其视作埃斯库罗斯的早期作品之一。学者们的一致见解是，它不失为这样一部剧作，能真正反映出悲剧从合唱抒情诗中演化这一过程的早期阶段。该剧的创作年代过去一年度被断定为早在公元前五世纪九十年代，不管怎么说，要远早于埃斯库罗斯作于公元前472年的《波斯人》（The Persians）。然则，1952年，在Oxyrhynchus发现的一块纸草纸卷轴的残片被发表出版，陈述了诸官方情形，以及一次戏剧比赛的结果。该残片宣布，埃斯库罗斯以他的《达那特四部曲》（Danaid Tetralogy）赢得第一名，而在该四部曲中，《乞援衰女》则是开篇剧，并在此过程中一举击败了索福克勒斯（Sophocles）。索福克勒斯直到公元前468年才参加戏剧比赛，并于该年赢得了其首度胜利。因此，除非是通过特殊辩解（例如这样一种情形，即该四部曲作于埃斯库罗斯戏剧生涯的早期，但直到公元前五世纪六十年代始告完成），不然的话，《达那特四部曲》就必须被置于公元前468年之后。此外，残片中的几个字母依稀可辨出Archedemides这一名字，即公元前463年的执政官，这样或许可将四部曲牢牢地与这一确切的年代连结起来，几乎恰好居于埃斯库罗斯作于公于元前467年的《七雄攻忒拜》（Seven Against Thebes）与他的《奥瑞斯提亚》（Oresteia）之间。

　　该纸草纸卷轴残片的含意引得绝大部分古典学者众皆哗然，而他们在此之前一直十信心十足地宣称，不仅仅是合唱队的作用，而且是剧作的语汇、韵律特色以及人物性格塑造，均指证着一个早期创作年代。这一发现导致了不亚于一种全面彻底的对每一年代学标准的重新评估，这些年代学标准或者被应用于埃斯库罗斯的剧作，或者缘自他的剧作。这种重新评估的活动显得繁忙活跃，而一种全新的信条现在亦风靡传播开来。合唱队在《乞援衰女》中的显赫地位现在已不再被视作原始风貌的表征，而被视作近似于《奥瑞斯提亚》的大规模合唱曲。数据资料已被统计出来，或被重新统计出来，以便证明在文体学这方面，《乞援衰女》实际上确实在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后两者现在则变成了“原始”的剧作）之后以及在轴残片却唤起了一种幽灵似的疑虑，即另一块残片有可能再度被挖掘出来，并证明，比如说，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以击败索福克勒斯的《达那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，从而将创作年代再度置于极度的混乱之中。当然，此类情形不太可能发生，但它告诉我们，纸草纸卷轴残片的最有益的特征是它所传递出来的这样一个信息，即要想对一个富于创造性的作家的发展过程作出一种错落有致的划分和归类是极为困难的。

　　　With respect to the study of ancient   literature, which of the following statements best expresses the author's main point concerning modern archaeological finds?

　　They can profoundly alter accepted views of ancient literary works, and can encourage flexibility in the way scholars look at the creative development of any artist.

　　They can be severely shocking and can have a revivifying effect on the study of ancient literature, which has recently suffered from a lack of interest on the part of scholars.

　　They can raise more questions than they answer and can be unreliable sources of information.

　　They generally confirm scholars' ideas about ancient literary works and allow them to dispense with inferences drawn from the works' internal structure.

　　They often undermine scholarly consensus in certain areas and create utter confusion concerning an author's work.

　　答案：(A)　　

　　According to the passage,in the absence of definite knowledge concerning the dates of composition of ancient literary works,literary historians do which of the following when trying to establish the chronology of an author's work?

　　Make assumptions about a single work's date of composition if such assumptions would not seriously affect interpretations of other works by the same author.

　　Draw inferences concerning the date of a work's composition based on evidence internal to that work and on the author's other works.

　　Ignore the date of a work's composition which is supplied by archaeological research when literary factors internal to the work contradict that date.

　　Refrain from speculation concerning a work's date of composition unless archaeological find produce information concerning it.

　　Estimate the date of a work's composition without attempting to relate it to the author's development as an artist.

　　答案：(B)

　　It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following plays or groups of plays is considered the latest in the date of its composition?

　　The Persians

　　The Danaid tetralogy

　　The Oresteia

　　Seven Against Thebes

　　The Suppliant Women

　　答案：(C)

　　With which of the following statements regarding the chronological criteria mentioned in line 52 would the author be most likely to agree?

　　Such criteria, whether applied to or derived from the plays, should only be used to confirm already existing knowledge.

　　Such criteria, although derived from reliable external and internal evidence, should be changed continually to avoid rigidity in thinking.

　　Such criteria, based on statistical analysis, are inherently more reliable than those of forty years ago.

　　Such criteria, even when unsupported by external evidence, can resolve most questions.

　　Such criteria, based on often ambiguous internal evidence, can lead to erroneous reconstructions of the chronology of an author's work.

　　答案：(E)

　　The author's attitude toward the "activity" mentioned in line 54 and its consequences can best be described as one of

　　amused tolerance

　　mocking envy

　　grave doubt

　　angry disapproval

　　unrestrained enthusiasm

　　答案：(A)　

　　The allusion to the hypothetical papyrus fragment does which of the following?

Supports an argument concerning the date of The Suppliant Women.

　Refutes the views of the majority of scholars concerning the Oxyrhynchus papyrus

find.

　　Predicts the future results of archaeological research proposed in the passage.

　　Undermines the validity of the currently accepted chronology of Aeschylus' works.

　　Qualifies the author's agreement with the "new creed" developed since the Oxyrhynchus papyrus find.

　　答案：(E)